electron

[See also harmonic magnetism and THE FARADAY-MAXWELL TEASE (ppt-video trailer)]

The 511KeV to create a single electron is but a thousandth of the energy of a γ-ray at the same radius-equivalent quarterwavelength; But in fact it takes two, 511KeV γ-rays exchanging antisymmetric half's, to create an electron-anti-electron pair ...

The earliest theory for electron structure adapted a mid-1800's vortex-ring atom model (*), a closed-loop torus being the simplest stable form maintaining its volume: its perpetual bi-rolling (sock-rolling) supplies self-retentive energy-entropy pressure for size and shape equilibrium; Mass-energy is a perpetual entropy-vacuity bubble, scale~10^-15 m, in the cosmic spatial aether superfluid.

* (Kelvin-ring, proposed by a mathematician, as well as 'solid-aether'ists.)

The electron though, has a charge, and its anti has the opposite,- while keeping the other character-properties the same ... whence the electron is two,-Kelvin-rings interlocked: as a bi-rolling stationary ring drags an outer flow cycle (*) that becomes a second ring structure itself by self-siphoning; the opposite-versions are mirror-symmetric, and inner and outer rings cycling, bi-rolling, equalize paired. The basic action of such a design is the flow twist: aether flowing into-and-out of the electron, twists right-handed or left-handed, electron or anti (tbd which is which). Thus positive and negative, attraction and repulsion are not a different charge-thing, but a chirality in the structure, twisting radial gradient, and energy-level coincidence or anticoincidence; as their magnetic fields are symmetric;- and, the electron is not exactly self-symmetric but the rings push around each other on a 45° axis, and so temporally average-out more symmetry.

* (Stationary in early-concept but having potential axial pair-spin moment, possibly free-compensating; and pairs are not necessarily symmetric nor ring-wise symmetric nor steady, as wedged-figure-zeros and figure-eight-through-figure-zero rings are more stable end-values in mutual exclusivity of parallele equal energies forever exchanging in sphericity: but which may distinguish muons etc. as positron-electron pair-annihilation produces matched, self-symmetric y-rays. [*] See also subconsequential topic, absolute cold.)

[NB. This is a second drawing: There is no distinctive space between core-entangled half-electron rings as helical lines coincide and merge uniformly filling the region: There are no actual rings; However, the center line of each ring-region may be either quieter, or more lengthwise wound; And the rings also spin, bi-roll, faster than light-speed via the angle of helicity within the electron mass-energy; And exhibit broad-wedging for the same reason. Also, Recognize that the electron-local aether itself is incrementally rotating with average helicity as the electron-magnetic spatially-extended top-energy cumulatively revolves about its centrality]

Early cosmic species: ('dark matter') [**]

In the very early pre-cosmic mass-energy-solvent, several electron-species existed: negative, positive-anti (positron), and quasistable neutral bi-electron (misthreaded halves, each opening and closing the other); negative, positive, and metastable neutral half-electron (half-photon) rings but that absorbed energy to become full-pair and disappeared altogether as a species. Fully-stable neutral full-electrons (zero-helicity neutra'lectrons) may also have existed in some abundance and, being noninteractive in much the way neutrinos are structurally so, neither attractive nor repulsive nor annihilative of electrons nor themselves, would have been 'cosmic dark matter'... but for that to be the modern sought cosmic 5× overburden, would have had to have been produced in very small quantity in the initial cosmic big bang and remained because it was nonannihilating and become more significant in abundance as the positrons and electrons mutally annihilated back to cosmic photon abundance....)

Preference for negative electrons, or positive, may have had an initial cosmos-wide magnetic driver enhancing anti-electrons as seeds for protons; but the main fallout from such a theory is that charge-conservation itself is not an intrinsic but an extrinsic rule: As neutrons crushed in the cosmic mass-holing event, co-annihilating subnucleon positrons and electrons met on its magnetic axis thus both contributing to and amplifying the same magnetic field; -only the subnucleon neutral-mass constituents longer-ago indistinct of charge could have survived and in fact mostly contributed most directly to the inner cosmic aether, while the charges containing a superfluity of energy retained more distinctness in renormalizing to this-cosmos micro-mass ... and the renormalization subdividing the cosmic magnetic moment would have created equal numbers of oppositely charged particles, but, the shape of the magnetic field, not precisely symmetric, would have thrust lopsidedly and therein created heavier protons one way, and lighter electrons, the other way; and thence remixing. (However, if the pre-cosmos were moving, or had a companion, it could have possibly created more electrons than protons or positrons, too). (*)

* (The competing theory is that a slight surplus electron charge destabilized antiproton production into more electrons exponentially swamping the cosmos, and remaining positrons were annihilated,- though there may be positrons at the outer fringe of the cosmos where the selection process was weakest-driven, mostly along the equator.... A remaining third theory is that nucleon subparticles are unequally energized and the holing event occurred so quickly that the renormalized micromass electrons and positrons did not mutually annihilate but preferred the generation of matter over antimatter: depending on the original pre-hole star.)

On top of that, the electron inverse-square fringe-field should be lower frequency wavelengths, which under acceleration, could run ahead, if waves in aether are like waves in water: longer waves faster;-- which should mean that acceleration of electrons loses some mass-energy,- which would be restored at the stopping end in point-to-point travel ... and which would yield an altogether different explanation for cosmic redshift,- by ELF neutrinos.

Corollary implications to such theory:- Black holes are indeed holes in the very aether, so empty that photons evaporate upon entry rather than traverse straight-line; and thence reflect inside on the high index of refraction of the surrounding space, never to exit except a tiny most-straight-out-from-center diminuent fraction; thus limiting energy density in the aether to absolute aether vacuity, albeit maybe unattainable in our cosmic hole --but the central region of the cosmos itself being uniform nearer-vacuity density; and if unbroken or reconnected quantal vortices remain from the early cosmos, faster-than-light travel, and escape from this cosmos.

* [Bi-roll, sock-roll, cf electron "spin" where not rotation, combined with hub roll, wheel rolling, cycling, is helical in total, distinguished by handedness; limiting the size of the annulus to the speed of light twisting along the circumference: This helicity is the most compact way of "solidifying" flowing energy in an aether under extreme infinite-cosmic pressure, -and whence occurs, and is the terse "answer";- but also a ring closing-up to itself, merging in complexor space, needing a non-compounding path to sustain efficiency, whence integral cycles: a Möbius toroid doubly-closed Möbius strip closed-loop screw-twisted helix-pipe. This also corroborates the skew perpendicular magnetic field carried-along by an electron in motion: whence positrons and electrons generating opposite magnetic field-helices, are oppositely twisted bi-rollers. And a fully-closed helical field does convert to open helix by linear motion.... Thus the discovery of charge-helicity and photon structure and electron internal structure, is and was therefor "almost obvious"]

** [The most obvious competing theory for dark matter/dark energy is the yoctoscopic 10^-24 m-scale 0.7-tonne-scale black hole which swallows a proton or a few and acts like an ordinary atomic nucleus but extremely 'heavy' ('weakly interactive massive particle') passing 'unimpeded' through planets and stars, freely losing only its orbital electrons and a few electron-volts kinetic energy in scattering a few protons per meter-travel against its own 4×10²⁹-scale equivalent while picking up gravity-swing energy behind the centers but possibly captured by neutron stars and certainly by other black holes, especially efficiently near the galactic center...created in abundance in the outer-cosmos since infinite-time-ago and existing in great density but 'evaporated' by 'hawking radiation' of 'virtual-pairs' down to nil-mass-hole-size radiating mass-energy at asymptotically-infinitely-slow rate and capable of surviving the collapse of occasional supernovæ, or the Higgs Field itself, and re-massing to yocto-scopic scale in the ultra-instant-density of Big Bang singularities as the major early dark matter superabundance and then re-evaporating once-again to nil-size releasing 'dark energy', to await another, cosmos...the cosmic-contemporary increase of 'dark energy' suggests that the 'dark matter' phase is rapidly waning...(note of-course that both, types, of 'dark' matter may contribute to the total in the physics-preference-for-biggest-coefficients)]

NOTES:

An E-M Analogy:

It is instructive to consider the internal-flow-work of the electron by its 'familiar' E-M-structure: The electron, in this analogy, consists of charge-flow everywhere-falling-back-in towards the center by reason of the rules of E-M: The outward flow is divergent and therefor pulling-apart and thereby losing kinetic energy and slowing and its magnetic field is collapsing and generating an electrostatic force in the same outward-direction to 'restore' outward flow; Cross-flow brings the current all-the-while-falling around to the opposite side where it continues to fall -inward- convergent and so gaining kinetic energy and generating a back-EMF electrostatic force to 'restrain' inward flow... The net-result is an always-inward-'celerating (outward-divergent-decelerating, inward-convergent-accelerating) charge-flow always-and-everywhere generating an outward electrostatic force 'field' depicted as 'the electron'. The exception is the core-hole where the flow deflects from convergent, to divergent, in an 'endless cycle' so there the magnetic field is instantaneously fixed and the electrostatic force switches from back-EMF to fore-EMF, through 'zero'... This is in depiction the same bi-rolling, with 'charge' described separately.

Inner state:

Electric field (aether):

Electron-ring aether-flow:

As the chiral in-flow of aether-plasma about the electron compresses radius to coil through the center it accelerates (venturi effect) and passes through at averagely 45°, equalling its own magnetic flux; At some velocity the apparent pressure may go to zero (optical) or negative (super-optical), the structural uniformity invert as unstable self-pinched flow (plasma pinch instability) and collapse to a wandering sub-string, or break into multiple sub-flow strings dancing around super-optically sampling the incoming flow; which finds its way back out to go entropic in due curvilinear course and slow down again to apparent uniform outflow.

Proton:

Protons are multiply-complex-wound structures, compared to electron simplicity, and may even consist of significant helical-broadside-distributed-flow and even linear-sheet-flow, in addition to helical-threading...

A positive-charged particle, proton, positron, positive meson, muon,..., involves a tidal separation in an approaching negative electron, its high-energy center from its lower-energy fringe, causing the electron to split and either, entirely unravel (positron+electron), or partially wrap-around (electron+proton), letting-go some energy (photon) ... (protons were built in such a manner in the early cosmos mass-energy bead).

Photon emission:

(Research note: Asymmetrical photon-emission-pairs may result from mass-asymmetrical coorbitations: Test muons at IT-difference.)

ATOMIC ELECTRON ORBITALS:

State energy (ionization potential; workfunction):

The 1s-electron orbital first-lowest energy level workfunction is W_1s:Z ~ W_1s* Z² / 1 - ½(idem/m_e) accurate to a few-%% for final adjustments, lightspeed-relativistics, co-orbital charge and mass balance, tidal draw reshaping, magnetic polarity flipping, rotation-revolution-[spin]-coupling.... The half-idem coefficient indicates that the photon gets half its energy from the electron mass and half from the nuclear positive-charge mass: The electron loses mass while retaining its charge (*).

* (Charge, -electron and nuclear,- is apparently conserved, for all masses, but if any is lost, it must-be compensated in the equations.)

* (The how-and-why the half-idem, may be likened to a quantum-mechanical-superposition-of-eigenstates, averaged: To 'deorbit' to a lower orbital, the electron must lose energy to a photon, and, in 'deorbiting' to a lower orbital, it extracts potential energy from the nucleus, converting it to kinetic, which it loses to the photon... the averaged quantum-superposition-of-eigenstates-accomplishment is half-of-all-itself plus half-of-all-extracted-none-itself: whence i.e. half-idem, plus tweaks... balance at half-and-half is expectable in canceling each of the two equal-but-opposite contra-momentum-field-overhangs... by analogy a space shuttle changes circular orbit by retrofiring half to lower its perigee and half more at perigee to lower its remaining apogee...)

REF DATA: W_1s* ~ 13.6057 eV ; W_1s:H ~ 13.5985 eV ; m_e ~ 510999 eV

Note that the mass of a free-electron is a measured-constant in free-space, but the mass of an orbital-electron, and of its nucleus, is less by photon-emission: cf a positron-electron pair-annihilation is a full-reduction of both masses; This factors in computing orbital energies, atomic-model theory, forced-nuclear-radiodecay rates,...

This shows hint that electronic charge is fundamentally quantized, while elementary particle mass is variable, but does not define a crossover at which small-enough-mass begins to lose charge... but a nuclear charge of Z=138 will runaway-destruct its 1s¹-electron, and then self-destruct (radiodecay) itself, instead of a negative-IT, (The highest stable should be Z=137 at mass-loss around 495KeV).

The process by which atomic electron orbitals are stable may also include non-radiativity; possibly by further negative-radiativity energy-detenting; There may also be low-radiativity unstable folded-orbital 'seamount' states, delaying but not harboring, crossed during transorbital electron descent and expressed as noise on the photon ... and possibly deep subatomic subground semi-states on the way to pe-state.

Note, the wavefunction of an orbital electron is both its free-standing helicity circularly reaccelerated, minus its emitted photon-structure-wavelengths.... Note that this may imply a directional correlation between rapid-successive photon emissions.... This also implies that meso-nuclear standing-tiers cannot be reached by electrons dropping through orbitals: that must regain their emitted-photon-structures to become near-nucleus standing-tier-electrons.... This also means that standing-tiers are cosmic-angle-locked or nearly so: requiring energy to steer a turn. (Standing-tiers may-or-not be stable, but are stop-states, not orbitals.)

(Photon structure is observed in interferometry as near-constant-frequency, whence we deduce the photon is fore-expressed from the orbital momentum at the top as the electron begins to drop to lower orbital and back-expressed at the bottom as the electron reaches top speed and restability: a wave-frequency-compensatory emission: Remarkably, An electron 'knows' where it's going before it does, Or, the photon-wave straightens itself out as it travels away and there are nonemissive Bernoulli-Venturi motions of the aether.)

Some approximate ratios: [coarser at the lower numbers]

QUANTUM MECHANICS:

Q.M. avoids describing the electron itself, instead assuming a point charge (but even Einstein understood that particles are extended in space, not infinitesimal points)--

* THE FRAME RELATIVITY DILEMMA:

But, However,--

[under further construction]

POWER-LIMITED POTENTIALS and THE NON-POINT-CHARGE RADIUS FUNCTION: [2014/11/05]

A parallel discussion/insight on the electron radius function is found in answering the question of how much mass-energy is in the potential-energy field around a gravitational mass: Briefly, the question arises in ascertaining that 'potential energy' is, mass-energy: it is where an in-falling 'test particle' gets its kinetic energy by immediate-direct 'commandeering' and conversion of potential energy, ΔE = ∫Qq/4πε₀R² dr for charge (and mostly not from its own, mass); The point is then made 'how much', and while the potential force may be large and constant holding charged particles in orbits, as soon as something starts to 'fall' in and convert the local-field mass-energy potential to kinetic, the near-field becomes diminished, its force reduced, and near-field objects follow partially-released paths 'backward', appearing as 'like magnetic induction' to the simple-observer, (we are more familiar with electromagnetic, induction, than gravitational, because its effect is 10^42.6 more-noticeable, but, deep inside electric charge 'cores' the effect should be calculably significant as forces and energies slowing the in-fall, amplifying convections, sucking the mass-energy out of the center charge...a point-charge ought even exhibit 'black hole' capture of opposite charges, slowing of time, and 'evaporation')... Simply put, potential-energy is power-limited and the draw on charge-energy/mass-energy by a librating particle is omnidirectional inverse-square-law 1/r² at the speed of light c, (which in columns ascending or descending compensates linearly and manifests more horizontally as inverse-law 1/r), and, this scientific-phenomenon is commonly labeled as 'another fundamental force...'

(Aside note that as the test-particle gains kinetic energy its mass-energy increases but unlike the gravitational case we have no indication that charge increases except that in the extreme-velocity case the 'special-relativistic-headlight' effect should, and in general the magnetic field of moving charge can, represent, the equivalent of increasing attraction, of same-charges moving the same direction and opposite-charges oppositely, and its gain compounds, But also conversely as photons are emitted, its mass-energy decreases and its deBroglie wavelength increases...)

In this way there is no point charge (cf nor point mass: see gravity), because it is distributed as mass-energy in its potential field: the equational balance is in the 'static' force vs. 'extractable' energy of a potential-energy field and the local charge density of objects: A particular-given potential-field source can only provide up to its own total mass-energy, and that's distributed 4π around and by inverse distance uniformly, to the first-order Galilean-Newtonian approximation adapted to charges, and accessible at the speed of light (or gravity), and objects moving inward or outward, even in orbit, upset their own near-field...it's an equation to be resolved...

(We might use Einstein's General Relativity to estimate mass-energy-per-potential-energy, even as his Special Relativity was used to estimate mass-energy E = mc² , and then assume the same for the electron radius function, But note that potential-energy equations also always lead to 'external infinities' and interpretations of cosmic scale interactions perceived locally as mass, charge, and force with negligible tails that are now not-so negligible.)

Meanwhile unlike, the case of gravity, its outer regions decrease potential energy field residue--so, the charge radius function has some, difference (tbd)...

MACH'S PRINCIPLE: [2015/5]

An item called "Mach's Principle" (reputedly vouchsafed by Einstein as a reason for General Relativity) suggesting that every particle interacts with every other to great distance even across the cosmos, may be 'realized' by considering the atomic "Simple Harmonic Oscillator" where the lowest energy level is non zero, half-a-step of energy remains that it can't radiate, but changing the parameters changes that energy--which means every particle or object knows all the others around by their parameters... such 'oddity' turns objects into 'nonradiative' antennas broadcasting information by signaling their objective parameterizations...

MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS are strange or wrong-- [2015/5]

(I'm expecting to revise Maxwell's Equations for speed-of-field-force vs. speed-of-potential-energy, to the new subject of 'magnetoelectronics', to upgrade this science...)

ADDITIONAL 'EXPERIMENTAL' NOTES:

[2018/10/10] An example of field speed end-on FTL, where 'cylinders of energy' meet, e.g. magnetic pulse-cylinders from two parallel drive wires meet, and cancel their energy in that space where they coincide, that energy must flow away like-infinite speed (the roundness of cylinders touching),—but more-likely at merely 41%-faster-than-light (the end-on speed of magnetic field 'lines', or, the equivalent end-on dipolar-electric-field-flow-of-neutral-space-itself)...

[2018/10/10] How does a 'theory' assign or attach properties to particles—example: electric-charge-field exists in photons and electrons, and positrons negative-equally, and space-itself, where photons pass through each-other rarely nucleating massive particles... so something underlyingly simple is-but-isn't the charge, property—herein a spacetime-helicity...

A premise discovery under the title,